Anal cancer is an uncommon malignancy, accounting for < 0.5% of global cancer diagnoses
in 2018. However, incidence is increasing, particularly in females.
2
,15
The mortality rate from anal cancer has increased by 3.1% per year, with higher rates
over 50 years of age, highlighting elderly females as a particular risk group.
2
Histology is predominantly squamous cell carcinomas (SCC; 80%-85%), with both premalignant
and malignant lesions almost always consequent to infection with human papillomavirus
(HPV) carcinogenic subtypes.
12
Risk factors include coinfection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and chronic
immunocompromised state, such as transplant recipients.
1
Abbreviations:
anal cancer (squamous cell cancer of anus), MDT (multidisciplinary meeting)To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Clinical Colorectal CancerAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Anal cancer risk among people with HIV infection in the United States.J clin oncol. 2018; 36: 68
- Recent trends in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus incidence and mortality in the United States.JNCI: J Nat Cancer Inst. 2020; 112 (2001–2015): 829-838
- Optimal planning target volume for stage I testicular seminoma: a Medical Research Council randomized trial.J clin oncol. 1999; 17 (1146-1146)
- EXTRA–a multicenter phase II study of chemoradiation using a 5 day per week oral regimen of capecitabine and intravenous mitomycin C in anal cancer.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008; 72 (doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.12.012): 119-126
- Hellenic society of medical oncology (HESMO) guidelines for the management of anal cancer.Updates Surg. 2021; 73: 7-21
- Long-term update of US GI intergroup RTOG 98-11 phase III trial for anal carcinoma: survival, relapse, and colostomy failure with concurrent chemoradiation involving fluorouracil/mitomycin versus fluorouracil/cisplatin.J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30 (doi:10.1200/jco.2012.43.8085): 4344-4351
- Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for the treatment of squamous cell anal cancer with para-aortic nodal involvement.Int J Radiat Oncol* Biol* Physic. 2009; 75: 791-794
- Extended-field chemoradiation therapy for definitive treatment of anal canal squamous cell carcinoma involving the para-aortic lymph nodes.Int J Radiat Oncol* Biol*. 2018; 102: 102-108
- Mitomycin or cisplatin chemoradiation with or without maintenance chemotherapy for treatment of squamous-cell carcinoma of the anus (ACT II): a randomised, phase 3, open-label, 2 × 2 factorial trial.Lancet Oncol. 2013; 14 (doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70086-x): 516-524
- Toxicity, tolerability, and compliance of concurrent capecitabine or 5-fluorouracil in radical management of anal cancer with single-dose mitomycin-c and intensity modulated radiation therapy: evaluation of a national cohort.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2018; 101 (doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.04.033): 1202-1211
- RTOG 0529: a phase 2 evaluation of dose-painted intensity modulated radiation therapy in combination with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin-C for the reduction of acute morbidity in carcinoma of the anal canal.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013; 86 (doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.09.023): 27-33
- Human papillomavirus types from infection to cancer in the anus, according to sex and HIV status: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet Infect Dis. 2018; 18: 198-206
- A 2020 update of anal cancer: the increasing problem in women and expanding treatment landscape.Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 14: 665-680
- Chemoradiotherapy with capecitabine for locally advanced anal carcinoma: an alternative treatment option.Br J Cancer. 2014; 111 (doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.467): 1726-1733
Organization, W. H. (2018). Global cancer observatory. Cancer Fact sheets. Ginebra: World Health Organization.
- Hyperfractionated accelerated reirradiation for patients with recurrent anal cancer previously treated with definitive chemoradiation.Am J clin oncol. 2018; 41: 632-637
- Induction chemotherapy and dose intensification of the radiation boost in locally advanced anal canal carcinoma: final analysis of the randomized UNICANCER ACCORD 03 trial.J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30 (doi:10.1200/jco.2011.35.4837): 1941-1948
- International rare cancers initiative multicenter randomized phase II trial of cisplatin and fluorouracil versus carboplatin and paclitaxel in advanced anal cancer: InterAAct.J clin oncol. 2020; 38: 2510
- Prophylactic extended-field irradiation in patients with cervical cancer: a literature review.Frontiers in Oncology. 2020; : 10
Article Info
Publication History
Published online: March 02, 2022
Accepted:
February 26,
2022
Received in revised form:
February 21,
2022
Received:
January 18,
2022
Identification
Copyright
Crown Copyright © 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
